Immunisation

Immunity - Active

- Passive

Active - The body produces its own antibodies (immunoglobulins)

- From the infection antigen

- Inoculation

- Vaccination

Passive - Immunoglobulins are given to the body

- Placental transfer, colostrum and milk

- Injection eg. hyperimmuneglobulin, and antitoxins, (eg

for botulism)

Active immunity

An antigen causes production of an antibody

Antigen antibody reaction is part of the immune response to an antigen

Each exposure to an antigen results in the production of a highly specific

antibody.

Types of vaccine

Live attenuated micro-organisms )

)All result in

Dead micro-organisms )stimulation

)of antibody

Toxoids, (inactivated toxins) )production.

Other forms of immunity

Active on passive immunity

Autoimmunity

Example Duration of Cover

Whooping Cough

Diphtheria

Tetanus

Poliomyelitis

M. M .R

Rubella

T.B.

Influenza

Hepatitis A & B

Rabies

Cholera

Typhoid

Anthrax

Smallpox

Yellow Fever

Meningococcal Infection

Chickenpox/Zoster

Vaccines

Living

Immunisation usually achieved with a single dose, except OPV

Don’t mix, give one at a time, or simultaneously at different sites, if not a 3 week gap is required

Dead

Primary dose followed by boosters

OK to mix

Routes

S.C. I.M. I.D.

Side effects

A mild form of the disease

Discomfort at site

Mild fever and malaise

Contraindications

Febrile illness

Active infection

Allergy to contained antibiotic

No live vaccines in pregnancy (foetal damage)

No live vaccines in impaired immune responsiveness

People on steroids

People with malignancy

Tumours of reticula-endothelial system

Any previous adverse reaction to a vaccine eg a fit

READ THE LEAFLET AND GREEN BOOK

Mode of action of immunoglobulins

Agglutination

Antigenic material is bound together into clumps

Precipitation

Complexes of soluble antigen and antibody become insoluble and precipitates, (eg. tetanus toxin)

Neutralisation

Antibodies bind and cover the toxic sites of the antigen

Lysis

Some antibodies may cause antigen cell membrane rupture.

Immunity - some terms to define

Innate immunity

Adaptive immunity

phagocyte

cytotoxic cells

graft rejection

epitope

antigen

B lympocytes

T lympocytes

T helper

T killer

T suppresser

immuniological memory

memory cells

clonal expansion

primary adaptive response

secondary response

self-tolerance

auto-immunity

antibody-antigen reaction/recognition

optimum temperature